
	Biological Integrity


	Introduction

	Aquatic Alien Invasive Species: Living with the Uncertainty of Biological Pollution in the Great Lakes

	Creating a Regional Approach: What We Can Do Better

	Implement a Great Lakes Biologically Protective Standard

	Require Certification of Technology to Achieve the Standard

	Require Enhanced Ballast Management Practices for No Ballast on Board (NOBOBs)

	Promote Ongoing Regional Cooperation

	Develop Measures to Ensure Compliance

	Enlist the Assistance of the International Joint Commission

	Recommendations

	Microbial Contamination

	Where are the Pathogens Coming From?

	Detecting Pathogens and Assessing Risks

	Gaps in Pathogen Detection

	The Emergence of New Pathogens

	The Walkerton Tragedy: A Lesson for the Great Lakes?

	As Population Grows, Water Infrastructure Must Be Updated

	Conclusions

	Recommendation

	Figures

Pathogenic Organisms

Recommendation

All levels of governments should create and implement coordinated planning actions to fully protect drinking water sources from increased pressures from industry, urban expansion, aging infrastructure and agriculture, including ecosystem and human health protection from large-scale animal operations.