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Biological Integrity

Introduction

Aquatic Alien Invasive Species: Living with the Uncertainty of Biological Pollution in the Great Lakes

Creating a Regional Approach: What We Can Do Better

Implement a Great Lakes Biologically Protective Standard

Require Certification of Technology to Achieve the Standard

Require Enhanced Ballast Management Practices for No Ballast on Board (NOBOBs)

Promote Ongoing Regional Cooperation

Develop Measures to Ensure Compliance

Enlist the Assistance of the International Joint Commission

Recommendations

Microbial Contamination

Where are the Pathogens Coming From?

Detecting Pathogens and Assessing Risks

Gaps in Pathogen Detection

The Emergence of New Pathogens

The Walkerton Tragedy: A Lesson for the Great Lakes?

As Population Grows, Water Infrastructure Must Be Updated

Conclusions

Recommendation

Figures
 

Figures

Figure 2. Potential Pathways for Waterborne Pathogens
( click on figure to enlarge )

Figure 2

Table 1. Factors associated with the risk of new pathogens and impacts on water quality and health in the Great Lakes basin
( click on table to enlarge )

Table 1
(Adapted from IJC 2003, Priorities Report)19

Figure 3. Factors Affecting the Viability Along Transport Pathways ( click on figure to enlarge )

Figure 3

Table 2. Waterborne Pathogens, Associated Illnesses, and the Source of Wastes ( the table is divided into two parts, click on a section to enlarge the top or bottom. )

Table 2, part A Table 2, part B
Adapted from Swimming in Sewage, Table 1 Waterborne Pathogens (NRDC 2004)39