APPENDIX B

STUDIES ON FINDINGS IN HUMAN POPULATIONS

A Quarter Century of Research Progress on Reproductive and Developmental Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances from Great Lakes Fish Consumption

Year Endpoints and Findings Reference

1974 - Exposure study - PCB levels in breast milk and Humphrey 1983 Establishment of maternal serum correlates with consumption of Lake Michigan Great Lakes fish. Fish-eaters Cohort

1980 - Establishment Exposure study - Lake Michigan sport fish Schwartz et al. 1983 of Michigan Infant consumption predicts PCBs in maternal milk and Cohort - Perinatal serum. Placental transfer of PCBs. Jacobson et al. 1984a Studies PCBs pose a risk to the fetus and newborn. Jacobson et al. 1983

Fish consumption and cord blood PCB predicts Fein et al. 1984

lower birth weight, smaller head circumference,

and shorter gestational age.

Contaminated fish consumption predicted motoric Jacobson et al. 1984b

immaturity, poorer lability of states, a greater amount

of startle, and more abnormally weak reflexes

(classified as "worrisome").

1981 - Michigan Prenatal exposure to PCBs, measured as maternal Jacobson et al. 1985a

Infant Cohort - consumption of Lake Michigan fish and cord blood

7 months PCB levels, predict a decrease in visual recognition

memory. Indication of deficit in short term memory.

1985 - Michigan Serum samples from 4 year old children indicated Jacobson et al. 1985b Infant Cohort - breast feeding as a principal source of PCBs and

4 years PBBs, though eating fish also resulted in elevated levels.

1985 - Michigan Pre-natal exposure to PCBs predicted poorer short- Jacobson et al. 1990a Infant Cohort - term memory function on both verbal and quantitative 4 years tests indicating continuing impact. Similarly, predicted growth retardation, but contempo- Jacobson et al. 1990b rary PCB levels predicted reduced activity levels.

1991 - Michigan Prenatal exposure to PCBs was associated with Jacobson and Jacobson 1996 Infant Cohort - lower Intelligence Quotients (IQ) scores. Strongest 11 years effect was on memory and attention indicating fetal brain is particularly sensitive to these compounds.

References:

Fein, G.G., J.L. Jacobson, S.W. Jacobson, P.M. Schwartz and J.K. Dowler. 1984. Prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls: Effects on birth size and gestational age. Journal of Pediatrics. 105:315-320.

Humphrey, H.E.B. 1983. Population studies of PCBs in Michigan residents. In F.M. D'Itri and M.A. Kamrin (Eds). PCBs: Human and Environmental Hazards. Butterworth, Boston, MA pp 299-310.

Jacobson, J.L., S.W. Jacobson, P.M. Schwartz, G.G. Fein. 1983. Intrauterine exposure of human newborns to PCBs: Measures of exposure. In F.M. D'Itri and M.A. Kamrin (Eds). PCBs: Human and Environmental Hazards. Butterworth, Boston, MA pp 311-343.

Jacobson, J.L., G.G. Fein, S.W. Jacobson, P.M. Schwartz and J.K. Dowler. 1984a. The transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) across the human placenta and into maternal milk. American Journal of Public Health 74:378-379.

Jacobson, J.L., S.W. Jacobson, G.G. Fein, P.M. Schwartz, and J.K. Dowler. 1984b. Prenatal exposure to an environmental toxin: A test of the multiple effects model. Developmental Psychology. 20:523-532.

Jacobson, J.L., G.G. Fein, S.W. Jacobson, P.M. Schwartz and J.K. Dowler. 1985a. The effect of intrauterine PCB exposure on visual recognition memory. Child Development. 56:853-860.

Jacobson, J.L., H.E.B. Humphrey, S.W. Jacobson, S.L. Schantz, M.D. Mullin and R. Welch. 1985b. Determinants of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), and dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) levels in the sera of young children. Americal Journal of Public Health 79:1401-1404.

Jacobson, J.L., S.W. Jacobson and H.E.B. Humphrey. 1990a. Effects of in utero exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and related contaminants on cognitive functioning in young children. Journal of Pediatrics 116, 38-45.

Jacobson, J.L., S.W. Jacobson and H.E.B. Humphrey. 1990b. Effects of exposure to PCB and related compounds on growth and activity in children. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 12:319-326.

Jacobson, J.L. and S.W. Jacobson. 1996. Intellectual impairment in children exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls in utero. New England Journal of Medicine. 335:783-789.

Schwartz, P.M., S.W. Jacobson, G. Fein, J.L. Jacobson and H.A. Price. 1983. Lake Michigan fish consumption as a source of polychlorinated biphenyls in human cord serum, maternal serum, and milk. American Journal of Public Health 73:293-296.